CHAPTER 3

SECTION 5. Order COLEOPTERA

Family CARABIDAE (ground beetles)

Until recently there had been no studies that sufficiently fully shed light on the ground beetle fauna of the Kuril archipelago. Descriptions of individual species on the Kuril Islands in the studies of V. I. Mochul'skiy, (1859, 1860, 1861, 1865) or scattered mentions of finding one species or another on the Kurils, often without the precise locale of the collection, could be found in the literature (Yakobson, 1905, Winkler, 1924; Kano, 1933-1934, and others). It has only been in recent years that S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) has cited 31 species of ground beetles for the southern region of the archipelago.

The materials we have collected substantially amplify the existing information on the Kuril ground beetles, the list of which has now grown to 100 species. In addition to our own collections, we have used materials kindly furnished to us, of G. Sh. Lafer, who collected ground beetles on the islands of Kunashir and Iturup in 1963-1966, and of T. I. Mukhina, who collected several species on Kunashir in 1965, and collections of colleagues of the Zoological Museum of the Biological Institute of the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences, G. S. Zolotarenko and V. V. Nikolaev, who trapped ground beetles mainly in cylinders for capturing rodents on Kunashir in 1968. The use of trapping cylinders made it possible to obtain large series of some species of the genus Carabus. All of the material collected had been examined and identified by O. L. Krivolutskiy and partially by G. Sh. Lafer.

Information on the general distribution of particular species have been borrowed from the studies of G. G. Yakobson (1905), the catalog of A. Winkler (1924), O. L. Kryzhanovskiy (1953, 1962, 1965b, 1968), T. Kano, (1933-1934), S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967), Lindroth (Lindroth, 1966, 1968), and A. Habu (Habu, 1967). The collections of the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as oral reports of O. L. Kryzhanovskiy and G. Sh. Lafer, were used to determine the distribution of some species more precisely.

The ground beetles noted on the Kuril Range belong to 37 genera: Cicindela (3 species), Calosoma (3), Carabus (8), Cychrus (1), Leistus (1), Pelophila (1), Nebria (8), Elaphrus (2), Lorocera (1), Eobroscus (1), Craspedonotus (1), Trechus (1), Asaphidion (1), Bembidion (11), Tachyta (1), Patrobus (1), Panagaeus (1), Chlaenius (2), Pterostichus (16), Colpodes (1), Agonum (6), Synuchus (1), Calathus (1), Eucalatus (1), Amara (9), Ophonus (3), Harpalus (1), Harpalobrachys (1), Stenolophus (2), Trichocellus (1), Anisodactylus (1), Lebidia (1), Parena (1), Lobia (1), Demetrias (1), Dromius (3), Cymindis (1). Of these, 22 species have been identified only to the generic level and require identification, 5 have been identified approximately, and their identification is in need of refinement, since the Kuril species differ somewhat from the typical; 37 species have been cited for the Kurils for the first time. It can be seen from the above list that only the 6 primarily Holarctic genera are represented by a relatively large number of species (from 6 to 16); the overwhelming majority of the genera, on the other hand, are represented by 1-3 species.

The lack of sufficiently complete compendia on this family of beetles prevents a detailed analysis of the carabid fauna, but even the available information demonstrates the impoverishment of the fauna of the Kuril ground beetles by comparison with the adjacent regions of the continent and Japan. Despite the presence in its composition of purely Japanese (Carabus rugipennis Motsch., C. aino Rost., C. arboreus Lewis, Colpodes chlorensis Bates) and tropical elements (Lebidia octoguttata A. Mor., Parena piceola Chd.), many genera and species that are distributed in Japan and on the continent are not observed here.

The distribution of the ground beetles on the islands of the Kuril Range reflects general patterns that are characteristic for the Kuril entomofauna as a whole, and, based on our data, has the following appearance:

The maximal number of species inhabit the southern islands; they are reduced to the minimum on the central islands; they increase again on the northern islands, due to an influx of northern-boreal species, but the qualitative composition of the fauna here is strikingly different. However, it should be borne in mind that the collections on Urup, Simushir, and Alaid were brief; therefore, the number of species on those islands should in fact be greater than that cited in the present list. The number of species that are widely distributed throughout the entire Range is extremely limited. Of these, only Bembidion (Limnaeoperyphus) quadriimpressum Mostch., an Island (Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese) species, recorded on five islands, Amara sp., with a thus far unclear range (on four islands), Lorocera pilicornis F., known so far only on Kunashir and Paramushir, but not found on the central islands, and Bembidion (Peryphus) dolorosum Mostch., known on three islands, Iturup, Urup, and Paramushir, which belong to different parts of the archipelago, can be observed here.

Species gravitating to a group of two to three neighboring islands, most often in the southern part of the Range, are encountered more frequently. For example, there are 7 species common to Kunashir, Shikotan, and Iturup: Cicindela sachalinensis A. Mor., Carabus (Damaster) rugipennis Motsch., C. (Eutelocarabus) conciliator Fisch., C. granulatus yezoensis Bat., Agonum impressum Pk., Synuchus melantho Bat., Dromius (Paradromius) ruficollis Motsch.; 11 common to Kunashir and Iturup: Calosoma (Campalita) chinense Kby., Carabus (Megodontus) aino Rost., Asaphidion semilucidum Motsch., Bembidion (Peryphus) poppii captivorum Netolitz., Bembidion sp. 2, Tachyta nana Gyll., Pterostichus (Bothriopterus) subovatum Motsch., P. (Badistrinus) microcephalus Motsch., Amara chalcites Zimm., A. simplicidens Mor., Anisodactylus signatus Panz.; and 6 common to Kunashir and Shikotan: Carabus (Asthenocarabus) opaculus opacueus Panz., Elaphrus sibiricus Motsch., Panagaeus robustus Mor., Calathus (Dolichus) halensis Schall., Amara (Amara) ovata Fabr., Stenolophus propinquus Mor.. In addition, species which are not observed on other islands are characteristic for different parts of the archipelago and individual islands. There are 37 such species on Kunashir, 2 on Shikotan, 8 on Iturup, 1 on Urup, 4 on Simushir, and 13 on Paramushir. On the southern islands these are mainly representatives of the Manchurian complex, while on the central islands, they are of the Boreal and Island complexes (Kuril-Hokkaido and Kuril proper). A clear link of the ground beetles to specific plant associations has not been traced, but a definite confinement to species biotopes is observed. In particular, a quite numerous group (41 species) is associated with mixed broadleaved forests of the southern islands; of these, 27 species are encountered only in southern Kunashir; a comparatively small group (19 species) inhabit the sea coast and the shores of bodies of fresh water, in the sand or under rocks; among these the most typical is the large ground beetle, Craspedononotus tibialis Schaum., which digs long burrows in the sand; only 3 species, Bembidion sp. 1, Tachyta nana Gyll., and Pterostichus (Melanius) nigrita Fabr., have been observed on the trunks of trees and under bark.

Ecologically the Kuril carabid fauna may be regarded in the main as mesophilic-forest, with some participation of hygrophilic species. Representatives of xerophilic genera and subgenera are lacking in its composition.

In terms of origin, which is indicated by the character of the generic and subgeneric ranges, the Kuril ground beetles belong to two principal complexes, the Boreal and the Palaearchaearctic. We distinguish six zoogeographical groups, partialy subdivided into subgroups, within the limits of these complexes (Table 5).

The Boreal complex, which combines 32% of the species, includes the Holarctic, Palaearctic, Okhotsk, and Beringian groups. Species with a circumboreal distribution (Pelophila borealis Pk., Nebria gyllenhali Schöenh., Lorocera pilicornis F., Patrobus septentrionis Dej., Agonum impressum Pk., Amara (Celia) quenseli Schöenh.) and a narrower range (Carabusmaeander Fisch.-W., Elaphrus riparius tuberculatus Makl., Tachyta nana Gyll., Harpalobrachys leiroides Motsch.) are distinguished within the Holarctic group.

The species included in the Transpalaearctic group differ somewhat in the degree of extension of the range in the latitudinal direction. Some of them are distributed from Western Europe to North East Asia (Carabus granulatus L., Pterostichus niger Schall., P. oblongopunctatus Fabr., P. nigrita Fabr., Amara ovata Fabr., Dromius ruficollis Motsch., Nebria ochotica Sahlb., Calathus halensis Schall., Ophonus griseus Pz., Anisodactylus signatus Panz.; undoubtedly, the last three species have an eastern origin); others (Leistus niger Gebl., Elaphrus sibiricus Motsch., Bembidion dolorosum Motsch., B. poppii captivorum Netolitz., Pterostichus reflexicollis Gebl. (?), P. gebleri Dej., Harpalus corporosus Motsch.) are limited in their distribution to Eastern Siberia, and on that basis are set apart in a separate Eastern Siberian subgroup. The species that are included in both of the groups cited are distributed comparatively evenly along the islands of the Range, but predominate on the southern and northern islands.

The Okhotsk group includes 2 species: Nebria nitidula Fabr. and Amara bipartita Motsch., and the Beringian includes Bembidion ventricosum Motsch., Pterostichus pinguidineum Eschsch., Trechus apicalis Motsch.. The representatives of both groups are encountered exclusively on the northern islands.

The Palaearchaearctic complex combines the remaining two groups: the Manchurian and the Island, which constitute the main nucleus of the Kuril carabid fauna (47%).

The Manchurian group is represented by species distinguished by a very broad range; all the representatives of the genera Cicindela (C. sachalinensis A. Mor., C. japana Motsch., C. elisae Motsch.) and Calosoma (C. maximowiczi Moraw., C. cyanescens Motsch., C. chinense Kby.) observed on the Kurils, as well as Eobroscus lutshniki Roub., Asaphidion semilucidum Motsch., Bembidion (Chrysobracteon) stenoderum Bates., Panagaeus rebustus A., Chlaenius pallipes Gebl., Pterostichus (Bothriopterus) subovatum Motsch., P. (Badistrinus) microcephalus Motsch., P. (Eurythorax) haptoderoides Tschit., P. (Steropus) orientale Motsch., Amara chalcites Zimm., Ophonus (Pseudophonus) vicarius Har., O. (Cephalomorphus) capito A. Mor., Harpalus ? corporosus Motsch., Stenolophus propinquus A. Mor., Lebidia octoguttata A. Mor., Parena piceola Chd., Demetrias amurensis Motsch. belong to it. Craspedononotus tibialis Schaum., which is very widespread in China, has been assigned to this group.The species of the Manchurian group are localized on the southern islands, mainly on Kunashir, and to a lesser extent on Iturup and Shikotan (Table 5). Of these, 10 have been observed only on the southern half of Kunashir, within the limits of the --- of the coniferous-broadleaved forests. The central and the northern part of the archipelago are evidently inaccessible for the southern species.

The Island group more than the others reflects the regional character of the Kuril carabid fauna. It falls into several subgroups on the basis of its genetic links and the features of its geographical distribution: the Kuril-Japanese (Nebria snowi Bat., Bembidion paediscum Bat., Colpodes chloris Bat., Agonum chalcomum Bat., Synuchus melantho Bat., Amarasimplicidens Mor., Lebia sp., Dromius prolixus Bat.); the Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese (Carabus arboreus Lewis, Cychrus morawitzi Geh., Bembidion quadriimpressum Motsch., Pterostichus leptis Bat.); the Kuril-Hokkaido (Carabus rugipennis Motsch., C. aino Rost., C. opaculus opaculus Putz., Nebria jamata Motsch., Bembidion interstrictum Net., Agonumcharillum yezoanum Nakane) - the Kuril-Hokkaido subspecies of the Eastern Siberian species Leistus niger a l e c t o Bat. belongs to the same subgroup; the Sakhalin-Kuril-Hokkaido Cymindis subarcticus subarcticus Kano and a subspecies of the Holarctic species Carabus granulatus yezoensis Bat.; and the Kuril proper (Carabus kurilensis k u r i l e n s i s Lap., Pterostichus poppiusianus Jacobs., Stenolophus elongatus Motsch.).

There are, in essence, only 2 endemic species in this last group, since Carabus kurilensis Lap. actually belongs to the Kuril-Hokkaido subgroup, and only its subspecies C. kurilensiskurilensis Lap. is endemic for the Kurils. Moreover, C. kurilensis reveals close kinship ties with two other far eastern species: the Sakhalin C. diamesus Sem. et Zn. and the Sikhoté-Alin' C. sichotensis Born.

Analysis of the ground beetles included in the Island group reveals close associations of the Kuril carabid fauna with the Japanese. The separate Kuril-Hokkaido complex stands out in great relief. Endemism, as in other insect groups, is negligible at the species level; it amounts to only 2% of the total number of species. Moreover, both species that are considered endemic at the present time are very rare, are known only on the northern and the central islands of the archipelago, and it cannot be excluded that they will be found on Kamchatka, where the ground beetle fauna is still insufficiently explored. The final number of subspecies endemics must obviously be revealed when a deeper study is made of the taxonomic significance of a number of species which have thus far been identified provisionally or not identified at all, since many of these reveal noticeable differences from known species that are close to them.

Since many representatives of the fam. Carabidae are devoid of wings and are not capable of flying, their confinement to particular dry land areas is especially indicative zoogeographically; the capacities for resettlement are limited for many of them.

Having examined the zoogeographical makeup of the Kuril carabid fauna, one can conclude that it is not uniform in various parts of the archipelago. Palaearchaearctic elements constitute the principal nucleus of the fauna of these beetles on the southern islands, while Boreal elements do so on the central and the northern islands.

The population size of species is of no little importance in resolving the question of the character of the fauna of one or another group. The appearance of a fauna is determined in the first place by the background (landscape) species that are common to a particular locality. Rare species, if they are relicts, may bespeak the antiquity of a fauna or its connections with adjacent territories, if the boundary of the range of one species or another crosses a given locality.

None of the ground beetle species living on the Kuril Islands can be regarded as a mass species. In terms of incidence, we distinguish common (18%), sporadically encountered (21%), and rare (61%) ground beetle species. It is characteristic that the Palaearchaearctic complex accounts for more than half (12%) of the most numerous, the common species. The high percentage of the rare species points to the relict character of the fauna, as well as to the fact the Kuril Islands are the northern limit of the distribution of many southern species.

The zoogeographical characterization of the Kuril carabid fauna presented offers a fairly complete notion of the principal elements composing it, but it cannot be considered definitive, since about 1/4 of the species have not been identified thus far, and their zoogeographical affiliation has not been established. The geographical groupings that have been distinguished will evidently be preserved in the future; only their numerical relationships will change, most likely in the direction of an increase in the Palaearchaearctic complex.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES

1. Cicindela sachalinensis A. Mor. (Figure 55, 1). K - env. of Goryachiy Plyazh, Sernovodsk, and Alekhino settlements, shore of Lake Goryacheye, east coast close to Cape Petrov, outer detection dates July 2- August 9, 25 spec. in all; Sh - env. of Malokuril’sk set., August 13-24, 5 spec. in all; env. of Krabovoye set., August 26, 1963, 1 spec.; I - flood plain of the Kurilka River, top of Atsonupuri Volcano, July 2- July 21, 1963, 2 spec. Encountered close to hot springs, along roads in mixed forests, on sand and open bare spaces with scant vegetation. Specimens on Sh are distinguished by very bright dark blue-green coloration. The beetles are very numerous in the caldera of Golovnin Volcano, on bare areas with warmed soil on the southeast shore of Lake Goryacheye. Very common within the limits of the southern islands. An eastern species belonging to the Manchurian group. Distributed on Sakhalin, the Southern Kuril Islands, in Priamurye, Primorskiy Kray, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), and in China (southward to Szechuan).

2. Cicindela japana Motsch. K - env. of Lake Peschaneye, August 19, 1963, 1 spec., on road, G. Sh. Lafer; Judging by the isolated finding, very rare on K. Belongs to the Manchurian group. Known on K, Japan, Northern China, and the Korean Peninsula.

3. Cicindela elisae Motsch. (Figure 55, 2). K - northern slope of Mendeleev Volcano, 1943, near fumarole, N. N. Konakov. Very rare on Kurils. Due to its detection among fumaroles, N. N. Konakov classifies it as a typhobiont. East Asian species belonging to the Manchurian group. Distributed on K, in Primorskiy Kray, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Northern China, and Mongolia.

4. Calosoma (s. str.) maximowiczi Moraw. I - Kuwayama (1967). We did not find it on the islands. Lives in leaved forests (Kryzhanovskiy, 1962). As in the cases of the preceding species, included in the Manchurian group. Distributed on I, in the southern regions of Primorskiy Kray, where it is very rare, on the Korean Peninsula, and in China (southward to Yunan and Taiwan).

5. Calosoma (s. str.) cyanescens Motsch. I - env. of Kuril’sk, June 30, 1963, 1 spec., mixed forest with cover of Kuril bamboo; Aktivnyy Stream, June 15, 1967, 2 spec., in stomach of the dolly varden char (Salvelinus malma), G. Sh. Lafer. S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) also notes this species only on I. Unknown on other islands of the Kuril Range. Cited by Japanese entomologists, in particular S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967), as a subspecies of C. inquisitor L. O. L. Kryzhanovskiy (1962) justifiably distinguished as an independent species. Included in the Manchurian group on the basis of the character of the range. Distributed on I, in Southern Sakhalin, in Priamurye and Primorskiy Kray, where it is quite common in broad-leaved forests, in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), on the Korean Peninsula, and in Northern China (southward roughly to Peking).

6. Calosoma (Campalita) chinense Kby. K - env. of Alekhino set., June 26, 1962, 1 spec., sea shore; env. of Lake Goryacheye, August 2, 1961, 1 spec., broad-leaved-dark coniferous forest, on grass; I - flood plain of the Kurilka River July 1-5, 1963, 2 spec. , mixed leaved forest, on ground; env. of Kuril’sk, July 4-August 4, 1963, 2 spec., mixed forest, on ground. Quite common on the Kuril Islands, but not numerous. Belongs to the Manchurian group. Species range encompasses the Southern Kurils (I, K), Sakhalin, Amurskaya Oblast, Khabaorovskiy Kray (northward to the middle course of the Amur River), Primorskiy Kray, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Sikoku, Kyushu), the Korean Peninsula, and China (southward to Yunan.

7. Carabus (Damaster) rugipennis Motsch. K - env. of Lake Goryacheye, August 1, 1961, 1 spec., mixed forest, on grass; env. of Alekhino and Goryachiy Plyazh settlements, June 15-August 5, a number of collectors, 5 spec. in all, on ground, close to Lake Goryacheye, August 7-21, 1963, 3 spec., on reed, G. Sh. Lafer; Sernovodsk set., August 1-13, 1963, 5 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev; I - coast Pacific Ocean close to the set. of Burevestnik, July 5, 1963, 1 female, on sandy sea shore. S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) mentions finding this species on Sh as well. Feeds mainly on molluscs; therefore, quite often stays close to the sea shores, sometimes on sandy beaches in the tidal zone. A representative of a typically Japanese subgenus, the majority of the species of which are distributed on the more southerly of the Japanese islands. C. (D.) rugipennis Motsch. belongs to Kuril-Hokkaido endemics, and is not encountered beyond the boundaries of the Southern Kuril Islands and Hokkaido.

8. Carabus (Megodontus) aino Rost. K - env. of Alekhino set., June 22-July 14, 1962, 4 spec.; env. of Lake Peschanoye, July 9-11, 1963; 1 spec., G. Sh. Lafer; July 20-August 15, 1968, 40 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev. According to the data of S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967), it is also encountered on I . On K, inhabits broadleaved and coniferous-broadleaved forests, primarily in the southern region of the island, where it may be considered common. Is a Kuril-Hokkaido endemic. Represented by three subspecies, of which C. (M.) aino chishimanus Nakane is prevalent in the Southern Kurils and Hokkaido, C. (M.) aino aino Rost. and C. (M.) aino kosugei Nakane, only on Hokkaido.

9. Carabus (leptocarabus) arboreus Lew. K - env. of Alekhino set., August 21-27, 1963, 8 spec., G. Sh. Lafer; near Lake Peschanoye, August 19, 1963, 2 spec., on track, G. Sh. Lafer; env. of Sernovodsk set., July 20-August 15, 1968, 51 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev. Representative of a typical Japanese subgenus. Island species, prevalent on K , Sakhalin, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).

10. Carabus (Eutelocarabus) arcensis Fisch. K - env. of Alekhino set., August 1, 1963, 5 spec., broadleaved forest, trapped in rodent cylinders, G. Sh. Lafer; I - Lesozavodskiy Neck, July 24, 1963, 1 spec., mixed forest (on the ground). S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) also notes this species for Sh. Prevalent primarily in the eastern region of the Palearctic: on the Southern Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, in Primorskiy Kray and Priamur’ye, throughout all of Siberia, in the Urals, the European part of the USSR, Japan (Hokkaido), on the Korean Peninsula, in North East China, and Mongolia. In the extensive space of its range it forms a large number of regional subspecies. According to the data of Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) and Nakane (Nakane, 1962), the subspecies C. (Eu.) arcensis hokkaidensis Lapoug. inhabits the Kuril Islands and Hokkaido and C. (Eu.) arcensis faldermanni Dej. inhabits Sakhalin and the continental regions of the Far East.

11. Carabus (s. str.) granulatus yezoensis Bat. K - region of Lake Goryacheye, August 1-2, 1961, 2 spec., in mixed forest on the ground; env. of Alekhino and Sernovodsk settlements, outside collection dates July 4-August 14, 31 spec. in all, trapped in rodent cylinders, G. Sh. Lafer, V. V. Nikolaev; Otradnoye vil., August 1, 1965, 2 spec., under windfall, T. I. Mukhina; I - env. of Zolotoy set., July 11, 1963, 1 spec., mixed forest. S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) indicates finding the species on Sh. It is very common on the islands. A Transpalearctic species, prevalent from Western Europe throughout all of Siberia to the shores of the Pacific Ocean; ecdemic to North America. Forms a number of subspecies. The range of subspecies C. granulatus yezoensis Bat. is within the limits of the Southern Kurils (K, Sh, I), Sakhalin, and Hokkaido.

12. Carabus (Asthenocarabus) opaculus opaculus Putz. K - Goryachiy Plyazh set., August 12, 1965, 1 female, T. I. Mukhina; Otradnoye vil., August 18, 1965, 1 female, T. I. Mukhina; env. of set. of Sernovodsk, July 20-August 15, 1968, 74 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev. According to the data of S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967), was observed also on Sh . A Kuril-Japanese species, represented by several subspecies; the principal subspecies C. (A.) opaculus opaculus Putz. is distributed on the Southern Kuril Islands (K, Sh) and Hokkaido. Other subspecies are encountered on Honshu.

13. Carabus (Aulonocarabus) kurilensis kurilensis Lap. We have not found it. Cited according to S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967). Known on I, U . The species belongs to the Kuril-Hokkaido group of endemics and forms 3 subspecies, of which C. (Au.) kurilensis kurilensis Lap. is a Kuril endemic, while the other 2 subspecies, C. (Au.) kurilensis daisetsuzanus Kôno and C. (Au.) kurilensis rishiriensis Nakane, are Hokkaido endemics. At the same time, C. (Au.) kurilensis Lap. is included in a group of close Far East species which evidently have a common origin. One of the species of this group, C. (Au.) sichotensis Born. is known in northern Sikhoté-Alin, the other, which is very close to it, C. (Au.) diamesus Sem. et Zn. is known on Sakhalin, and a third, which is somewhat more markedly distinct, is known on the Kuril Islands and Hokkaido (Breuning, 1932-1937).

14. Carabus (Eucarabus) maeander Fisch.-W. K - env. of Yuzhno-Kuril’sk set., June 21, 1962, 1 female, sea shore, on sand; valley of the Prozrachnyy Stream, August 24, 1964, 1 male, flood- plain forest; Sernovodsk set., October 20, 1968, 1 female, V. V. Nikolaev. A Holarctic species, distributed in the eastern part of the Palearctic (eastward from Vostochnyy Sayan, southward up to Sikhoté-Alin, North Mongolia, and Japan - Hokkaido), and in North America (southward to Newfoundland and Colorado). Quite rare on K .

15. Cychrus morawitzi Geh. K - env. of Alekhino set., August 19-28, 1963, 2 spec., G. Sh. Lafer; August 5, 1968, 1 spec., V. V. Nikolaev; Sernovodsk set. of, July 30-August 4, 1968, 19 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev. Representative of the genus live in moist broadleaved and coniferous-broadleaved forests. A Sakhalin-Kuril-Hokkaido species, the northern boundary of whose range appears to be K . Its vicariant, C. koltzei Rol., is known in the southern part of Primorskiy Kray, on the Korean Peninsula, and in North East China (?).

16. Leistus niger Gebl. K - shore of Lake Goryacheye, July 16, 1962, 1 spec.; Sernovodsk set. , August 4, 1968, 2 spec., G. S. Zolotarenko. An Eastern Siberian species, known in the Altai, Baikal region, the Amur basin, Primorskiy Kray, and Hokkaido. Displays kinship with the Chinese fauna. It forms several subspecies within the limits of its range. Represented by a special subspecies, L. niger alecto Bat. on K and Hokkaido.

*17. Pelophila borealis Pk. P - env. of Severo-Kuril’sk, August 1964, 1 spec. Apparently very rare on the Kuril Range. A Circumboreal species, restricted to taiga and forest-tundra zones.

*18. Nebria ochotica Sahlb. P - env. of Severo-Kuril’sk, July 19, 1964, 1 female, alder stands near river; U - env. of set. of Podgornoye, August 10, 1963, 1 female, sea shore, on sand. The specimen from U differs somewhat from typical specimens of this species; therefore we have assigned it to N. ochotica Sahlb. provisionally. Based on the character of the range, it may be regarded as a Transsiberian species. Known in Okhotsk of Magadanskaya Oblast, on the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Northern and Central Kuril Islands, in Primorskiy Kray, where, according to oral communication of G. Sh. Lafer, it is encountered here and there fairly often at different altitudes, and in the Polar Urals (collections of the ZIN AN SSSR).

*19. Nebria nitidula Fabr. (=N. Banksi Crotch.). P - env. of Severo-Kuril’sk, August 7, 1964, 1 spec., an alder stand on river bank. An Eastern Siberian species. Distributed westward up to the Altai, in Eastern Siberia, Yakutiya, the Amur basin, alpine Sikhoté-Alin, on Kamchatka, and P . It evidently invaded the Northern Kurils from Kamchatka.

*20. Nebria gyllenhali Schoenh. P - env. of Severo-Kuril’sk, August 4-5, 1964, 4 spec., on the ground and on willow trunk. A Holarctic boreal northern species. It evidently invaded the Northern Kuril Islands from Kamchatka.

21. Nebria (s. str.) jamata Motsch. According to the data of T. Kano (Kano, 1933-1934), was observed on P in July-August. We have not encountered it. Described by V. I. Mochul’skiy (1865) on Hokkaido. Judging by distribution, belongs to the Island, namely Kuril-Hokkaido, species.

22. Nebria gibbulosa Motsch. As in the case of the preceding, cited by T. Kano (Kano, 1933-1934) for the Northern Kurils without indication of the specific island. There are specimens of this species from K in the ZIN AN SSSR collections. Very rare. Belongs to the Island species.

23. Nebria snowi Bat. S - Kostochko Neck, September 8, 1964, 2 spec., under rocks and logs; Ushishir and Toporkov Islands, according to the collections of N. A. Violovich (the ZIN collection). Besides the Central Kuril Islands, it is known in Japan (Yakobson, 1905), where it had been described. In the opinion of O. L. Kryzhanovskiy, it is close to the group of Kamchatka-North American species, which includes N. carbonaria Eschsch., which lives in the mountains of Kamchatka. It is evidently a primary endemic.

24. Nebria sp. 1. I - shore of Lake Sopochnoye, August 1-10, 1966, 6 spec., G. Sh. Lafer. Close to the Japanese species N. shibanaii Ueno.

25. Nebria sp. 2. I - shore of Lake Sopochnoye, August 1-10, 1966, 9 spec., under rocks, G. Sh. Lafer.

*26. Elaphrus riparius L. (tuberculatus Mackl. auctt.). K - shore of Lake Goryacheye, July 16, 1962, 1 spec.; env. of Alekhino set., August 1962, 1 spec., V. A. Nechaev. A northern subspecies of the Holarctic boreal species (E. riparius L.). Encountered mostly in the tundra, as well as in the mountain tundras. Rare on the Kuril Islands.

27. Elaphrus sibiricus Motsch. K - env. of Alekhino set., August 1962, 1 spec., V. A. Nechaev; Otradnoye vil., August 17, 1965, 1 spec., T. I. Mukhina; Sh - Malokuril’sk, set., August 21, 1963, 1 spec., bank of small river. Scanty on the islands, encountered sporadically along the shores of bodies of water. An Eastern Siberian species, distributed on the Southern Kurils, Sakhalin, in Primorskiy Kray, Siberia (westward to Semipalatinsk), in Japan (Hokkaido), and North East China.

28. Lorocera pilicornis Fabr. K - eastern littoral close to Cape Petrov, August 28, 1964, 1 spec., spruce-fir forest; P - env. of Severo-Kuril’sk, August 1, 1964, 1 spec. Cited by T. Kano (Kano, 1933-1934) for P under the name L. caerulescens L. Very rare on the Kuril Islands. A Circumboreal species. Common in the forest zone of Europe, throughout Siberia, in the Amur basin, on Kamchatka, the Komandorskiye Islands, in Japan (Hokkaido), and in North America.

29. Eobroscus lutshniki Roub. According to the data of O. L. Kryzhanovskiy (1968), was found on K in 1966. The date and site of collection not indicated. Is rare everywhere within the limits of the range. It is known in the southeastern regions of Primorskiy Kray (southern Sikhoté-Alin), North West China (Gansu province), on Southern Sakhalin, and K . Should apparently also be found in Japan, at least on Hokkaido. We have assigned it to the Manchurian zoogeographical group.

30. Craspedonotus tibialis Schaum. K - env. of Alekhino set., outside collection dates August 1-28, 5 spec. in all, a number of collectors; Lake Goryacheye, August 14, 1962, 5 spec.; Lake Peschanoye, August 9-11, 1963, 3 spec., G. Sh. Lafer; eastern littoral near Cape Petrov, August 27-31, 1964, 9 spec.; Sernovodsk set., August 7-October 20, 1968, 15 spec., V. V. Nikolaev. On K , it is common in sandy reaches along the sea coast and along the sandy shores of freshwater bodies. A fairly large beetle. It digs burrows in the sand, up to 25 cm in length and longer. It uses natural depressions in the sand which are formed by the tracks of horses, etc., for an entrance into the burrow. Above the entrance, which has the appearance of a horizontal cleft, a small hillock rises, which falls off abruptly on one side (Fig. 2); a small sink-hole, reminiscent of sink-holes constructed by larvae of lion ants, is situated in front of the entrance. By using the natural depression, the beetle imparts to it the form of a trapping sink-hole, into which insects tumble. Most often the burrows are arranged in groups, at a fairly short distance from one another; moreover, at the sea shore all of the entrances into the burrows are oriented in one (windward) direction. There is one beetle in each burrow. When they are dug out, they fall into a state of thanatosis. According to our observations, they are most active at dusk and at night. If during this time a small stick or tweezers is stuck into the burrow, the beetle grips it tightly and is easily withdrawn to the surface. This does not take place in the daytime hours; when we dug up the burrows, we found the beetles at the very end of the gallery. Judging from the dates of collections, the imagines appear at the end of July-beginning of August and live to the end of October. The habitats and biology of the larvae have not been elucidated. A characteristic east Asian species. Distributed on K, in Primorskiy Kray, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Sikoku, Kyushu), China (southward to the Chou-shan archipelago and Taiwan), on the Korean Peninsula. The northern boundary of the range apparently lies at K . Of the other representatives of the genus, one is an endemic of Central Asia; another is known in Kashmir (Kryzhanovskiy, 1965b).

31. Trechus apicalis Motsch. Cited for the Northern Kurils (Uéno, 1933-1934) without a specific discovery site. Distributed on Kamchatka, the Komandorskiye Islands, and in the north of North America (from southern Alaska to Newfoundland). Apparently is of Beringian origin.

32. Asaphidion semilucidum Motsch. K - env. of Alekhino set., July 27, 1962, 1 spec.; valley of the Prozrachnyy Stream, August 26, 1964, 1 spec., flood-plain forest; I - Lesozavodskiy Neck, July 24, 1963, 1 spec., mixed forest. Is encountered sporadically on the Kurils in forest biotopes. A Manchurian species, distributed on K, I, Sakhalin, in the Amur basin, Primorskiy Kray, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Sikoku, Kyushu).

33. Bembidion (s. str.) paediscum Bates. We have not found it. S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) notes this species for Sh (Malokuril’sk set.). A typical representative of the Japanese fauna. Encountered on Sh and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).

34. Bembidion (Peryphus) dolorosum Motsch. I, U, P - according to the data of T. Kano (Kano, 1933-1934) and S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967). We have not encountered it on the islands. According to the character of the range, assigned to the Eastern Siberian group. Distributed on the Kuril Range, Sakhalin, the Amur basin and Transbaikalia, and in Japan (Hokkaido, northern part of Honshu).

35. Bembidion (Peryphus) poppii captivorum Netolitz. K - Tyatya Volcano; I - Kuybyshevo set. Cited on the basis of the work of S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967). An Eastern Siberian species, known on the Southern Kuril Islands, in Eastern Siberia, and Hokkaido.

36. Bembidion (Limnaeoperyphus) quadriimpressum Motsch. Sh - Malokuril’sk set., Cape Nepokorennyy; K - Yuzhno-Kuril’sk and Goryachiy Plyazh settlements; I, U, P. All discovery sites cited on the basis of the work of S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967). Belongs to the group of Island species. Distributed throughout the Kuril Range, on Sakhalin, Kamchatka (where it evidently invaded from the islands), and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).

37. Bembidion (Chrysobracteon) stenoderum Bates. I - Kasatka and Slavnoye settlements (Kuwayama, 1967). Apparently rare on the Kurils. A Manchurian species, known on the Kuril Islands (I), South Sakhalin, in Primorskiy Kray (the ZIN collection), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Sikoku, Kyushu), North China, and the northern region of the Korean Peninsula.

38. Bembidion ventricosum Motsch. Cited by T. Kano (Kano, 1933-1934) for the northern portion of the Kuril Range, without indication of the specific discovery sites. Known on Kamchatka and Alaska; noted by G. G. Yakobson (1905) in the Amur basin. The range of this species requires more precise definition.

39. Bembidion interstrictum Net. As in the case of the preceding species, we did not find it, but it is cited by T. Kano (Kano, 1933-1934) for the Northern Kuril Islands (without indicating a specific island). Known also on Hokkaido. We have assigned it to the Island, in particular the Kuril-Hokkaido, group of species.

40. Bembidion sp. 1. K - Pacific Ocean littoral near Cape Petrov, August 27, 1964, 1 spec., under fir bark.

41. Bembidion sp. 2. S - Kostochko Neck, September 8, 1964, 1 spec., under logs on the ground.

42. Bembidion sp. 3. K - Otradnoye vil., August 5, 1965, 1 spec., on sand under windfall, T. I. Mukhina; I - peak of Atsonupuri Volcano, July 21, 1963, 1 spec.

43. Bembidion sp. 4. K - env. of Sernovodsk set., July 23, 1968, 1 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev.

*44. Tachyta nana Gyll. K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, July 27, 1961, 7 spec., on bark of dried-out maple, under fir bark; I - env. of Lesozavodsk set., August 28, 1961, 1 spec., from fir, from the galleries of the bark beetle Polygraphus proximus Blandf.; Lesozavodskiy Neck, July 24, 1963, 1 spec., in broadleaved-dark coniferous forest from the trunk of the sen. The beetles usually live on the trunks of trees where they evidently prey in the galleries of bark beetles and other trunk insects. A Holarctic species, distributed in Europe, North West Africa, Southwest Asia, throughout Siberia, in the Amur basin, and Primorskiy Kray; it penetrates southward into China and Japan; it is known in North and Central America. Close species of this genus live in the tropical forests of Asia.

45. Patrobus septentrionis Dej. We did not find it on the islands. Cited by T. Kano (Kano, 1933-1934) for P (July-August) under the name Patrobus cinctus Motsch. A Circumboreal species, ubiquitously common.

46. Panagaeus robustus A. Mor. K - env. of Alekhino set., August 1962, 1 spec., V. A. Nechaev; Sh - Cape Nepokorennyy, Snezhkov Bight (Kuwayama, 1967). Lives in the Southern Kuril Islands in coniferous-broadleaved forests, but it is very rare here. K is evidently the northern boundary of the range of this species. Belongs to the Manchurian group. Distributed in the Southern Kurils (K, Sh), in Primorskiy Kray, North China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu). Assigned to the tribe Panagaeini, which is distributed primarily in the tropics.

*47. Chlaenius insulicola Kryzh. A new species, established by O. L. Kryzhanovskiy. Close to Ch. inops Chd.

48. Chlaenius pallipes Gebl. K - env. of Sernovodsk set., July 31, 1961, 2 spec.; env. of Alekhino set., June 29-July 15, 1962, 5 spec., August 3, 27, 1963, 2 spec., G. Sh. Lafer. Encountered in mixed forests on the ground. A Manchurian species. Distributed on K, Sakhalin, in Primorskiy Kray, Japan, North and North East China, and on the Korean Peninsula. It is only noted on the Kuril Range in the southern part of K, within the limits of coniferous-broadleaved forests.

*49. Pterostichus (Poecilus) gebleri Dej. (?) K - western spurs of Mendeleev Volcano, July 26, 1962, 1 spec.; env. of Alekhino set., August 2-28, 1962, 3 spec., mixed forest; env. of Lake Peschanoye, August 19, 1963, 1 spec., G. Sh. Lafer. An East Siberian species, which apparently is Angaran in origin. Distributed in Southern Siberia from the Minusinsk basin and the Tuvinskaya ASSR in the west up to the Amur basin and Primorskiy Kray in the east; also known in Mongolia, North East and Central China, and on the Korean Peninsula. Encountered within the limits of the Kuril Range in the southern part of K, which is evidently the northern boundary of its distribution.

*50. Pterostichus (Poecilus) ? reflexicollis Gebl. K - env. of set. of Alekhino, July 4-6, 1962, 2 spec., mixed forest; August 1, 1963, 1 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, G. Sh. Lafer; Sernovodsk set., October 20, 1968, 2 spec., V. V. Nikolaev. Known in Primorskiy Kray, the Amur basin, Transbaikalia, the Baikal region, the Altai, North East China, and on the Korean Peninsula. The specimens from K are not entirely typical.

*51. Pterostichus (Badistrinus) microcephalus Motsch. K - set. of Otradnoye, August 5, 1963, 1 spec., on sand under windfall, T. I. Mukhina; I - set. of Lesozavodsk, July 22, 1963, 1 spec., on potato field. A Manchurian species. Distributed on the Southern Kuril Islands, in the Amur basin, Primorskiy Kray, Transbaikalia, on the Korean Peninsula, in North and Central China, and in Japan. By contrast with islands, it is represented by a special subspecies P. (B.) microcephalus kalhys Motsch. on the continent.

*52. Pterostichus (Eurythorax) haptoderoides japanensis Lutshnik. K - env. of Sernovodsk set., August 1, 1968, 1 spec., October 20, 1968, 3 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev. Belongs to the Manchurian group. Known in the southern region of Primorskiy Kray, West China, Tibet, and Japan. The subspecies P. (Eu.) haptoderoides eumorphus Tschit. is distributed on the continent.

53. Pterostichus (Bothriopterus) subovatum Motsch. K - env. of Alekhino set., July 1-13, 1962, 4 spec., on the ground; Otradnoye vil., July 31-August 18, 1965, 5 spec., under windfall, T. I. Mukhina; env. of Sernovodsk set., August 3, 1968, 2 spec., on meadow under logs, V. V. Nikolaev; I - env. of Goryachiye Klyuchi set., July 14, 1963, 1 spec., mixed forest; set. of Lesozavodsk, July 22, 1963, 2 spec., potato field - on the ground. A Manchurian species, quite common within the limits of its range. Distributed on the Southern Kuril Islands (K, I), in Primorskiy Kray, North and North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).

54. Pterostichus (Bothriopterus) oblongopunctatus Fabr. K - Otradnoye vil., July 31-August 5, 1965, 3 spec., under windfall, T. I. Mukhina; Sernovodsk set., July 21-August 4, 1968, 2 spec., in rodent-trapping cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev; I - flood plain of the Kurilka River, July 1, 1963, 1 spec., mixed leafed forest; env. of Lesozavodsk set., July 25, 1963, 1 spec.; shore of Lake Sopochnoye, August 1-10, 1966, 3 spec., under stones, G. Sh. Lafer; U - env. of Lake Tokotan, August 8, 1963, 1 spec., on the shore of the Sea of Okhotsk. Individuals of this species from the Kuril Islands are close to the Japanese subspecies P. (B.) oblongopunctatus honshuensis Habu., but differ somewhat from it, as they do from individuals from the continent. With more careful study in the future, it is possible that there will be grounds for designating a special Kuril subspecies. A Transpalearctic boreal species. Distributed in Europe, Siberia, on the Kuril archipelago, in Northern Mongolia, and Japan.

55. Pterostichus (Melanius) nigrita Fabr. K - Pacific Ocean coast close to Cape Petrov, August 27, 1964, 1 spec., under fir bark; env. of set. of Sernovodsk, August 31, 1968, 1 spec., in a rodent-trapping cylinder, V. V. Nikolaev. Transpalearctic species. It is more often encountered in boggy areas. Widely distributed in Europe, known in Siberia, Primorskiy Kray, and Japan (Hokkaido).

56. Pterostichus (Melanius) sp. K - Sernovodsk set., October 20, 1968, 2 females, V. V. Nikolaev.

57. Pterostichus (Platysma) niger Schaller. I - on the shore of Lake Sopochnoye, August 1-10, 1966, 2 spec., under stones, G. Sh. Lafer. A Boreal palaearct, widely distributed in Europe, known in Siberia and on I .

*58. Pterostichus (Platysma) leptis Bat. K - Alekhino set., 1963, 1 spec., T. I. Mukhina. Apparently belongs to the Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese group. Described on Hokkaido, was later found on South Sakhalin (the ZIN collection) and K ; also known in the north of Honshu. Very rare on the Kuril Islands.

59. Pterostichus (Cryobius) poppiusianus Jakobs. (?) (=P. insulicola Popp.). S - Kostochko Neck, September 8, 1964, 5 spec., on the ground under boards. When specimens collected by us were compared with the reference specimen of P. (C.) poppiusianus Jakobs. in the collection of the ZIN AN SSSR, only insignificant differences between them were found, which are possibly aberrations in character. Was previously cited for the Kuril Range without indication of specific islands; apparently distributed in the central and northern regions of the archipelago, and is a Kuril endemic.

60. Pterostichus (Cryobius) pinguidineum Eschsch. We have not encountered it. It is cited by G. G. Yakobson (1905) for the Kuril Range without indication of a specific site of discovery. Judging by its general distribution (Kuril, Pribilof, and AleutianIslands), it is evidently encountered in the northern part of the range and belongs to the group of Beringian species.

61. Pterostichus (Argutor) sp. pr. diligens Sturm. K - env. of Cape Petrov, August 23-24, 1964, 2 spec., coniferous forest; set. of Sernovodsk, October 20, 1968, 2 spec., V. V. Nikolaev. Assigned to the group of eastern species of the subgenus Argutor .

*62. Pterostichus (Steropus) orientale Motsch. K - pass between Alekhino and Sernovodsk settlements, August 27, 1963, 1 spec., G. Sh. Lafer. The nominative form is distributed in Eastern Siberia. It forms two subspecies in the eastern portion of the range: ssp. antiquum Motsch., in the Amur basin and in the south of Primorskiy Kray, and ssp. jessoense Tschitsch. in Japan. The Kuril specimens are distinguished by smaller sizes, but have been assigned by O. L. Kryzhanovskiy to the main species. We have included it in the Manchurian group.

63. Pterostichus sp. 1. U - Okhotsk coast in the region of Lake Tokotan, August 10, 1963, 1 spec.

64. Pterostichus sp. 2. K - env. of Alekhino set., August 1, 1963, 1 male, mixed forest, trapped in rodent cylinders, G. Sh. Lafer; env. of Lake Peschanoye, August 16-21, 1963, 2 spec., G. Sh. Lafer; env. of set. of Sernovodsk, July 23-August 7, 1968, 4 spec., mixed forest, in rodent-trapping cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev.

*65. Colpodes (Eucolpodes) chloreis Bat. (?) K - shore of Lake Goryacheye, July 17, 1962, 3 spec.; set. of Sernovodsk, July 20-25, 1968, 5 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev. A Kuril-Japanese species. Distribution in the Kuril archipelago is evidently limited to the southern half of K. May be regarded as a tropical element, since the majority of the representatives of the genus Colpodes are distributed in the tropics. Many species are known only in Japan.

66. Agonum (Europhilus) charillum yezoanum Nakane. K - Grigor'evo set. We have not found it on the Kuril Range. Cited according to the data of S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967). A typical representative of the Japanese fauna. The primary species lives on Honshu; a form distinguished from it, set apart as a special subspecies, lives on Hokkaido and K.

67. Agonum impressum Pk. K - env. of Goryachiy Plyazh, Sernovodsk, Alekhino, and Otradnoye settlements, Lakes Lagunnoye and Peschanoye, flood plain of the Lesnaya River, the Pacific Ocean littoral near Cape Petrov, outside collection dates June 24-August 27, 22 spec. in all, a number of collectors; the beetles are encountered in mixed forests on the ground, more rarely on herbaceous vegetation; I - env. of Goryachiye Klyuchi set., July 14, 1963, 1 spec., in flood-plain forest on the ground. S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) notes finding this species on Sh as well. It is very common in the southern part of the archipelago. It will possibly also be found on the northern islands. A Circumboreal species associated with open areas among forest vegetation. In Japan it does not penetrate further south than Honshu.

*68. Agonum chalcomum Bat. K - Pacific Ocean littoral near Cape Petrov, August 26, 1964, 1 spec., flood-plain forest in the valley of Prozrachnyy Stream. Very rare. A Kuril-Japanese species, the northern boundary of whose range is evidently K .

69. Agonum sp. 1. P - env. of Severo-Kuril’sk, July 24- August 1, 1964, 2 spec., dwarf alder woods, on "Kamchatka" alder trees.

70. Agonum (Europhilus) sp. 2. S - Kostochko Neck, September 8, 1964, 1 spec., on the ground under logs; P - env. of Severo-Kuril’sk, July 19, 1964, 1 spec., in alder stand near river.

71. Agonum sp. 3. P - env. of Severo-Kuril’sk, July 19, 1964, 1 spec.

*72. Synuchus melantho Bat. K - Otradnoye vil., July 31-August 1, 1965, 2 spec., under windfall, T. I. Mukhina; Sh - env. of Malokuril’sk set., August 27, 1963, 1 spec., dark coniferous forest; I - Lesozavodsk set., July 22, 1963, 1 spec., potato field. An Island, namely Kuril-Japanese, species. Common in Japan on Hokkaido and the north of Honshu.

*73. Calathus (Dolichus) halensis Schall. K - env. of Alekhino set., July 6-August 13, 1962, 9 spec., primarily in mixed forest; Sernovodsk set., August 3-7, 1968, 5 spec., under logs, V. V. Nikolaev; Sh - env. of Malokuril’sk set., August 15, 1961, 1 spec., in mixed forest. It is quite common on the islands indicated. The species is of east Asian origin, distributed far to the west. It is encountered in the southern part of Primorskiy Kray, here and there in the south of Siberia, in Central Asia, Japan, China (widely), on the Korean Peninsula, in Southwest Asia, and Europe (except the north).

*74. Eucalatus sp. K - env. of Sernovodsk set., June 30-August 4, 1968, 3 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev.

*75. Amara chalcites Zimm. K - env. of Alekhino set., July 31-August 5, 1962, 2 spec., mixed forest; Sernovodsk set., July 23, 1968, 1 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev; I - Kuybyshev Neck, July 28, 1963, 1 spec., on pile of oak and birch logs. A Manchurian species. Distributed in the Southern Kurils, on Sakhalin, in Primorskiy Kray, on the Korean Peninsula, in North and Central China, and in Japan.

*76. Amara (Celia) quenseli Schöenh. S - Kostochko Neck, September 8, 1964, 21 spec., on the ground under logs and boards; P - env. of Severo-Kuril’sk, July 21, 1964, 2 spec., in dwarf alder woods. A Circumboreal species, limited to a cool moderate climate. Not encountered in the south of the Kuril Range.

*77. Amara (s. str.) simplicidens Mor. K - env. of Lake Goryacheye, July 4, 1962, 1 spec.; I - env. of Kuril’sk, July 6, 1963, 1 spec. An Island, namely Kuril-Japanese, species, previously known only in Japan.

78. Amara (s. str.) ovata Fabric. K - Cape Gemerling; Sh - Nepokorennyy Cape. We have not found it on the islands; cited according to the data of S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967). A Boreal palaearct. Distributed in the Southern Kurils, on Sakhalin, in Siberia, the Caucasus, Japan (Hokkaido), and Europe. Species range has been insufficiently explored and requires refinement.

79. Amara (s. str.) bipartita Motsch. Cited by T. Kano (Kano, 1933-1934) for P and the Amur basin; the latter is doubtful. Is not included in A. Winkler’s catalogue (Winkler, 1924) .

80. Amara sp. 1. K - env. of Alekhino set., June 27, 1962, 1 spec.; I - env. of Lesozavodsk set., July 20, 1963, 1 spec.; S - Kostochko Neck, September 8, 1964, 1 spec.; under boards on the ground; P - env. of Severo-Kuril’sk, July 28, 1964, 1 spec.; env. of set. of Shelekhovo, August 9, 1964, 3 spec.

81. Amara sp. 2. I - shore of Lake Sopochnoye, August 1-10, 1966, 3 spec., under stones, G. Sh. Lafer.

82. Amara sp. 3. K - Otradnoye vil., August 1, 1965, 1 spec., T. I. Mukhina.

83. Amara sp. 4. K - Otradnoye vil., August 9, 1965, 1 spec., T. I. Mukhina.

*84. Ophonus (Pseudophonus) griseus Pz. K - env. of Sernovodsk set., July 28, 1968, 2 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev. Wide Palearctic species, distributed from Western Europe to Japan, invades Mongolia and China.

*85. Ophonus (Pseudophonus) vicarius Har. K - env. of Alekhino, Otradnoye, and Sernovodsk settlements, outside find dates July 2-August 28, 12 spec. in all, a number of collectors, beetles on the ground. Belongs to the Manchurian group. Species range encompasses K, Primorskiy Kray, the Korean Peninsula, North China, and Japan. Obviously should also be encountered on Sakhalin.

*86. Ophonus (Cephalomorphus) capito Mor. K - env. of Alekhino set., July-August 1962, 4 spec. in all, in mixed forest, a number of collectors; Sernovodsk set., August 3-20, 1968, 14 spec. in all (males, females), under logs, V. V. Nikolaev, T. I. Mukhina. A Manchurian species, quite common in the southern area of K. Distributed in Primorskiy Kray, on the Korean Peninsula, in North East and North China, and in Japan.

*87. Harpalus corporosus Motsch. (?) K - shore of Lake Goryacheye, August 16, 1962, 1 spec., in sand; August 1963, 1 spec., on the ground, V. A. Nechaev. Based on the character of the distribution, we have assigned it to the group of Manchurian species. Known in East Asia from Transbaikalia to Japan, and southward to Peking. The listing by T. Kano (Kano, 1933-1934) for H. (Haploharpalus) brevis Motsch. on P probably relates to the same species. The latter species, which is close to H. corporosus Motsch., is encountered in more western regions (data of the ZIN AN SSSR collection).

*88. Harpalobrachys leiroides Motsch. I - shore of Lake Sopochnoye, August 10, 1966, 1 male, under stones, G. Sh. Lafer. An Eastern Siberian species. Reaches as far as Tselinograd to the west, more common in Eastern Siberia, Yakutiya, is known in Amurskaya Oblast and Primorskiy Kray. Is very rare on the Kuril Islands.

*89. Stenolophus propinquus Mor. K - env. of Alekhino set., August 2, 1962, 1 spec., flood-plain forest; env. of Sernovodsk set., July 23, 1968, 2 spec., trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev; Sh - env. of Malokuril’sk set., August 29, 1963, 1 spec., mixed forest. A Manchurian species. Distributed in the south of the Kuril Range (K, Sh), in the Amur basin, Primorskiy Kray, North China, and Japan.

90. Stenolophus elongatus Motsch. We have not found this species. It was described by V. I. Mochul’skiy on the Kuril Islands. Cited by G. G. Yakobson (1905) also for the Kuril Islands without indicating a specific site. T. Kano (Kano, 1933-1934) indicates finding this species on P . Thus far unknown at other sites. Is evidently a Kuril endemic. Extremely rare on the archipelago.

*91. Trichocellus sp. S - Kostochko Neck, September 8, 1964, 2 spec., under logs on the ground.

92. Anisodactylus signatus Panz. K - env. of Alekhino set., July 15-August 5, 1962, 3 spec., in mixed forest on the ground; Otradnoye vil., August 1, 1965, 1 male, under windfall, T. I. Mukhina; Sernovodsk set., October 20, 1968, 8 spec. (3 males, 5 females), trapped in rodent cylinders, V. V. Nikolaev; I - env. of Goryachiye Klyuchi set., July 14, 1963, 1 spec., in mixed forest. Widely distributed Palearctic species. Known on the Southern Kurils (K, I), Sakhalin, in the Amur basin, Primorskiy Kray, South West Siberia, the mountains of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, the central band and south of European USSR, Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, North and Central China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Sikoku, Kyushu). It is very common in the south of the Kuril Range.

*93. Lebidia octoguttata Mor. K - env. of Alekhino set., June 27-July 15, 1962, 8 spec., in mixed forest on the ground, in tall herbaceous vegetation, on flowering plants; top of Tyatya Volcano, July 12, 1963, 1 spec., V. A. Nechaev. Quite common in the southwestern region of K, in a region where broadleaved and coniferous-broadleaved forests flourish. The beetles fly well and are highly mobile; they frequently keep to sun-lit clearings and forest margins. A. Habu (Habu, 1967) notes that the beetles are encountered mainly on the leaves of trees where they predate, attacking caterpillars of leaf rollers and other small insects; they sometimes winter over under the bark of trees. A representative of an East Asian genus, the majority of species of which inhabit the subtropics and tropics. Included in the Manchurian group. Distributed on K, in Primorskiy Kray, on the Korean Peninsula, in China (including Taiwan), in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Sikoku, Kyushu, and the Satsunan Islands).

*94. Parena (=Crossoglossa) piceola Chd. K - env. of Lake Peschanoye, July 10, 1962, 1 spec., flood-plain forest, from tall herbaceous vegetation; shore of Lake Goryacheye, August 15, 1962, 1 spec., on open bare patches. Representative of an Indo-Malaysian genus. Belongs to the Manchurian group, but has a narrower range; distributed within the limits of the southern region of Primorskiy Kray, in Japan and on K, through which the northern boundary of the species range evidently passes.

*95. Lebia sp. pr. fusca Mor. K - env. of Alekhino set., July 1, 1962, 1 spec. The majority of the species of the genus is known from tropical regions. It is undoubtedly a Japanese element in the Kuril fauna. Representatives of the genus lead a predatory life style, eating small insects on plants (Kryzhanovskiy, 1965b).

96. Demetrias amurensis Motsch. We did not find it. Listed by S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) and A. Habu (Habu, 1967) for Sh . Judging by the range, belongs to the Manchurian group. Known on Sh , in the Amur basin, North China, and Japan (Hokkaido).

97. Dromius (Paradromius) ruficollis Motsch. Sh - env. of Krabovoye set., August 26, 1963, 1 spec., in mixed forest on flowers. S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) mentions it also on Sh (Snezhkov and Tserkovnaya Bights), K (Cape Gemerling, Yuzhno-Kuril’sk set.), and I (Kasatka set.). A Transsiberian species, distributed in the Southern Kurils, on Sakhalin, in Yakutiya, westward up to Tobolsk and the Altai, known in East Kazakhstan and Japan (Hokkaido).

98. Dromius (Lebidromius) prolixus Bat. We have not encountered it. Cited according to the data of S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) on K (env. of Goryachiy Plyazh set.). A Kuril-Japanese species, the northern boundary of whose range is evidently the southern section of K. Is distributed widely in Japan on Hokkaido, Honshu, Sikoku, and Kyushu. A. Habu (Habu, 1967) reports finding it on the Korean Peninsula, where it undoubtedly penetrated from Japan.

99. Dromius sp. pr. quadriticollis Mor. Is possibly only a form of D. quadriticollis Mor. K - shore of Lake Peschanoye, July 10, 1962, 1 spec.

100. Cymindis (Tarulus) subarcticus subarcticus Kano. S - Kostochko Neck, September 8, 1964, 5 spec., on the ground under logs. According to the data of T. Kano (Kano, 1933-1934) and A. Habu (Habu, 1967), it is known also on the Northern Kuril Islands, South Sakhalin, and Hokkaido. A second subspecies of this species, C. (T.) subarcticus asahiensis Habu et Baba. is distributed in the northern part of Honshu, in the Japanese "Alps". Thus, this Island species forms two distinct subspecies, of which the former belongs to the Sakhalin-Kuril-Hokkaido subgroup.